What are potential neonatal complications of shoulder dystocia?

The selection of brachial plexus injury, clavicle fracture, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy as potential neonatal complications of shoulder dystocia highlights the severe risks associated with this obstetrical emergency.

Shoulder dystocia occurs when the fetal shoulders become lodged behind the maternal pubic bone during delivery, leading to potential physical trauma to the infant. Brachial plexus injury can occur due to excessive lateral traction applied to the fetal head and neck during delivery, resulting in damage to the network of nerves that control the arm and hand. This injury can lead to varying degrees of weakness or paralysis in the affected arm.

Clavicle fractures can also happen during attempts to safely resolve shoulder dystocia, either from excessive force used to extract the shoulder or as a consequence of the baby’s position during delivery. Fractures typically heal well but can cause immediate complications or distress if not recognized.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, a critical condition characterized by reduced oxygen supply to the brain, can arise from prolonged shoulder dystocia if delivery is significantly delayed. The lack of oxygen can lead to severe neurological impairment, making prompt resolution of shoulder dystocia vital to prevent these outcomes.

Recognizing these potential complications is essential for healthcare providers to